Roshan Ali Khan روشن علی خان
By
Hidayat ur Rahman
Roshan Ali Khan was the son of Mutwali Khan and belonged to the Rizakhel tribe and his mother was the daughter of Sherjang(Governor Chitral/Kosht and Buni). Abdul Masiab, Bull and Dadak were his brothers. Dadak and Roshan Ali Khan were twin brothers. Zahoor-ul-Haq Danesh tells an interesting story about the birth history of Roshan Ali Khan and Dadak
“A mysterious story (legend?) also goes about the birth of Roshan Ali Khan and Dadak, twin brothers and eldest of sons of Mutawali Khan.The story goes that Mutawali Khan’s wife, after a couple of years of marriage had, failed to bear him an heir. This was a matter of immense tension for Mutawali: to remarry or not to remarry? (As he loved his wife very much.) One day while he was making preparations to set on a journey towards Chitral fort, upon Mehtar’s call, a darvesh came to visit him at his home. The darvesh was carrying a cedar pole on his shoulder. He gave the cedar pole to Mutawali, with instructions to keep it safe till the day he will be blessed with twin sons. “You will be blessed with twin sons. Their names will be Roshan Ali Khan and Dadak” he said, “And when they are born, you should slice this cedar pole and use the pieces as candle for lighting.” With these instructions the mysterious darvesh left, never to be seen in Mutawali’s life again. Mutawali kept the pole safe, and set on the journey a couple of days later. Upon returning from the journey, weeks after, his wife informed him to his immense joy that she was expecting. Months passed by. After hours long immense labour pain, Mutawali’s wife gave birth to twin sons. It was midnight. Mutawali took hold of his axe and went to cut off a slice from the cedar pole. When he struck the axe onto the pole, the blade cut through a thin cedar covering, touched an iron bar-like thing inside, and got blunt. Mutawali sliced apart the pole with great care, and saw to his surprise that there were two gun-barrels of matchlock fittingly kept inside it. Each barrel had the name “Mutawali” engraved on it.
Roshan Ali Khan and Dadak were to be the names of the twin sons.
The matchlock belonging to Dadak came to be inherited by the eldest sons of his descendants. It has ultimately come down to my father Maula Nigah Nigah (Late). The engraved name “Mutawali” is still clearly visible on it along with Hijri year.
The one belonging to Roshan Ali Khan has come down to the family of Lali Sardar Nawaz Khan Advocate of Lonkuh, i think.” (Danish 2020: Nigah 2004)
Dadak was also a prominent figure who was poisoned to death in the Wakhan area under a conspiracy. Roshan Ali Khan was also known as “Torkhowo Lal” in the folklore of Chitral. He was a known warrior, statesman and Hakim of Rech, his fame is universal and his bravery is known to all and the whole country is proud of his valor (Ghulam Murtaza 1962:315). His presence in every war was considered a symbol of victory and pride.
His exact date of birth and date of death are not known but with the help of different historical events we presumably say that he lived between 1795 to 1880. According to various historical events, he saw the era of Muhtram Shah Sani, Shah Afzal Sani, Adam Khor and Aman ul Mulk.
Copy rights: @ Hidayat ur Rahman www.cppl.pk
As a warrior: A warrior does not give up what he loves, he finds the love in what he does.
The history of Chitral concerns the history of the various peoples that have inhabited Chitral. In those days, the Chitralis were active, brave and warlike with more than ordinary endurance, but they had no discipline or training. Scarcely any of them have ever taken military service. Their system of warfare consisted in defending darbands, that was, narrow defiles closed by stone walls and towers. In the defense of these places rocks and boulders rolled down from the heights above, play an important part. Their attacks usually take the form of ambuscades and night-surprises (Barrow 1887:21, 22) As regards the military resources of Chitral, as already stated, all male adults were liable, as occasion requires, to be called and out for military service, and receive in return grants of land either free of revenue or at diminished rates. ‘The more substantial landholders are responsible for mustering 200 or 300 retainers each. The Mehtar estimates his available armed force at 8,000 men, of which 3,000 would be from Yasin and Mastuj, for the defense of the Eastern passes, and 5,000 from Chitral, for the defense of the Southern and Western passes. The weapon most in use with the Chitrilis was the primitive matchlock. These were either made at Madaklaslit in the ShishiKoh (Sheeshi Dara) or imported from Radakshan. Flint locks from Badakshan, and percussion muskets of Russian manufacture were also imported to a small extent. A few firearms, such as sporting, guns, and Sniders or Martinis (Barrow 1887:31)
The lifestyle of such people has been determined primarily by the area’s climate and geography. He always played the role of a soldier and kept himself ready for it at all times. At that time, military equipment consisted of swords, spears, arrows and matchlocks.
Before the British occupation of Chitral, there was no permanent army. Only during the war, people of different tribes participated in the war with their own weapons and horses. They did not have a regular salary and training, nor did they have a military chief. Mehtar’s son or brothers or the head of a tribe would lead the army during the war. So everyone would prepare themselves for war. Roshan Ali Khan may also have prepared himself for war, that is, he would have trained himself and chosen weapons for himself. Roshan Ali Khan preferred military life style to feudal and royal life. Once he and Nadirjang Ataliq, were going to somewhere in Mulkho when a young man with long hair came in front of them. Roshan Ali Khan immediately cut his hair with a machete and advised him to live a military life.
Roushan Ali Khan most notable feat during the War was the slaying of the Khoshwahkt notable Afat Aman in the war of Armu Shagram and also got wounded too. In this battle, Roshan Ali Khan faced Noor Hayat Ataliq – both of them showed great bravery. Noor Hayat got wounds on his shoulder and Roshan Ali Khan’s ten fingers were broken. Due to this bravery he was granted property and Jagir in Rech. Roshan Ali Khan was brought to Warijun due to his injuries in the war, but due to the hot weather in Warijun, he was given granted lands in a cool place as “Malhamghar” in Terich for recovering of wounds. According to the Chitral culture, if someone was wounded in battle, they were given lands in return and this granted land called “Malhamghar”.
In another battle he fought very bravely against the Badakhshis in Rech. Because of his bravery, the attacks of the miscreants from Badakhshan were stopped permanently. Military Report and Gazetteers of 1928 says
“About A. D. 1846 about three thousand troops of Nur.i.Shah, king of Badakhshan invaded Turikho suddenly without anybody coming to know of their approach, and plundered the Turikho valley as far down as Noghor Gol, where the Khan of Rich lives. Most of the people were made captives. This army had come through Yarkhun via Shah Jinali and Bang passes. Raushan Ali Khan, and a Chitrali army under Aman-ul-Mulk, coming to know, pursued the Tajiks, who, after appending one night in looting, made good their escape. The Chitralis fought the Tajiks at a place called Risht on the Yarkhun side of the Shah Jinah pass, but they could not prevent the Tajiks from taking away their captive”(GoI 1928:313)
During the Battle of Gilgit 1863 (Some says 1866), he, along with other Chitrali warriors, took full part in the war against the forces of the Maharaja of Kashmir and showed the essence of bravery. During this battle, his close relative Shuja-ul-Mulk alias Shajal was martyred along with his two sons. Shujal was the ancestor of famous legendary poet Sher Mulk.
During the famous ‘’Darband War of Yarkhun’’ he did help Pakhlwan Bahadar and Hakim Abdullah Khan a participated the war.
Roshan Ali Khan twice in his life he had made significant strides in the wars against the Tajiks of Badakhshan, the Pathans of Asmar, the Yasinis and the forces of the Maharaja of Kashmir.
As a Statesman: He has conferred on the practice of vacillation the aura of statesmanship.
During the reign of Mehtar Aman ul Mulk, he was well known personality in the matters of the State affairs. Sometimes he disagreed with Mehtar on many issues. Here are some stories in this regard. After the accession of Aman ul Mulk, he was exiled to Gilgit with his brothers. He started living with his relatives in Punial (present Gilgit Baltistan). He was made imprisoned along with his brothers during the Maharaja of Kashmir invasion in Gilgit. As a result of years of struggle, he and his brother were released and returned to Chitral. (Ghufran 1921:Ghulam Murtaza 1962)
Once when he was staying in Zhang Bazaar, the Mehtar Pakhlawan got tired of the situation and came to him for advice. So he advised to him and said, first you must remove Mehtar Amanul Mulk from the path, and then I will announce your rule.
Rehmat Karim Beg narrated another story “Once Mehtar Aman ul Mulk ordered his officials to build a scaffold at Shadok, in Chitral -just opposite to the fort to hang criminals. The news stirred a commotion in the nearby villages. The work on the construction of the said structure was soon started. The news also spread in the far flung areas as it was a new development in the history of State. Roshan Ali Khan, a veteran and a powerful nobleman was on his way to Chitral and as he reached the vicinity of the fort, he saw men working busily on the construction of a structure. Upon inquiry he was informed that the Mehtar had ordered to raise a scaffold to hang criminal. Hearing this he turned his horse toward the site of the work instead of going to the fort. Reaching the spot he dismounted and began to demolish the structure and razed it to the ground completely without saying a word to the men on the work. The men could not restrain him for that act as they knew his mood well. After that he moved to the fort and told the Mehtar what he had done. He began to argue, the small population of this state works to keep you on the throne, defends the borders against your enemies and there is already a small number to shoulder the defense obligations. Now if you put some of them to death by this new measure then who will defend the borders and who will work in various branches of the administration to run the state business. It is a short-sighted measure and, therefore, I demolished the structure in best interest of the state. The Mehtar submitted to his views and never again tried to build the scaffold. This shows that the dignitaries had a powerful say in matters of the state and the Mehtars had to respect their views considering their positions and experiences in the best interest of the stat and in case of their resentment they felt insecure surrounded by powerful rivals.” (Beg 1994:13)
Once a member of Roshan Ali Khan’s tribe fostered one of Mehtar’s daughter. After a while he met Roshan Ali Khan in Danin. Roshan Ali Khan became angry and drew his sword on him. So the man started saying that my children are useless and I had no choice but to foster the daughter of the Mehtar (Mir Afsar Lal 2002).
At that time slavery and selling slave were common in Chitral and other areas of the region. Slave trade was common in Central Asia and India. Traders from Central Asia used to come to Chitral to buy slaves and buy slaves from here. In some occasions, when these traders encountered Roshan Ali Khan, they would free the purchased slaves from them by force (Dukanchi 2006).
Apart from being a warrior and a statesman, he was also an excellent architect. He built two magnificent forts for his personal use during that period. The site of a Rech, which had a fort there even before it came under his control, was rebuilt, but a new and very large fort was built in Werijun, and now the ruins of the fort remain. In addition, build two mosques in Rech, located at Tor Naghur and Mol Naghur.
Once someone sent a gift of a few daggers from outside to Mehtar Aman-ul-Mulk, then Mehtar called Roshan Ali Khan to see and comment on the dagger. Upon the inspection of daggers, Roshan Ali Khan said these are good but it can be killed some big man too (Mir Afsar Lal 2002)
Legacy
He gave his children rigorous military training, as a result of which his sons and descendants played a significant role in the wars of the Anglo-Chitral war of 1895 and 1948’s war of freedom of Kashmir.
Roshan Ali Khan’s honor remained even after his death. After his death, when someone in India claimed to be a false Imam Mahdi, an old woman in Chitral said that she had no choice but to say that Roshan Ali Khan had passed away.
Famous poet of Chitral Malikoash Shoara Muazam Khan Azam composed few lines about the bravery of Roushan Ali Khan (Azam 1912)
He passed away in Warijun Molkho and was buried in Shatorandur. He had five sons whose names are as follows Muzaffar Khan, Rustam Khan and Niaz Khan were notable. Muzafar Khan the Khan of Rech was present durting the Lockhart mission of 1885 and according to the mission that Muzafar Khan was the Jagirdar of Rech (Lockhart & Woodthorpe 1889) One of your daughters was the wife of Mehtar Amanul Mulk. She had no children.
Copy rights: @ Hidayat ur Rahman www.cppl.pk
Interviews
Dukanchi 2005
Mir Afsar Lal 2002
Shah Hussain Gahtve 2008
Mullah Nigah Nigah 2004
Muhammad Sarwar Baramush 2006
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abadi, Muhammad Yousuf Hussein. (n.d) Tarikh-i-Baltistan. Baltistan Printers and Publishers Skardu.
Anonymous. (1897) Aowlad-i-Hazrat Salman Farsi-Shajar-i-Nasan Hokumranan-i-Yasin aur Chitral. [Possession of Nasir Iqbal in Yasin].
Anwar-ul-Haq, M & Kishwar Ijaz. (1996) Demographic Characteristics of Chitral. In Bashir & Israr-ud-Din 1996: 59-65.
Aseer, Sher, Wali Khan. (1996) Marriages of Daughters in Chitral. Proceedings of Second Hindu Kush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press, Karachi. In Bashir & Israr-ud-Din 1996:201-208.
Afzal Khan. (1975) Chitral and Kafiristan. Peshawar.
Bacon, Elizabith. E. (1951) The Inquiry into the History of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan. South Western Journal of Anthropology.Vol.7, No.3. pp. 230-247. University of Mexico.http;//www.jstor.org/stable/3628602. [Accessed 21 December 2009].
Badakhshi, Sang Muhammad.(1959) Tarikh-i-Badakhshan. Iran.
Barrow, E.G. (1987) Gazetteer of Eastern Hindu Kush. In four parts. Government Central Press, Simla.
__________. (1988) Gazetteer of the Afghan Provinces. Government Central Press, Simla.
Bashir, E. (1988) Topic in Kalasha Syntax: An Arial and Typological Perspective, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation University of Michigan.
Bashir.E & Israr-ud-Din. eds (1996) Proceedings of Second International HinduKush Cultural Conference. Oxford University Press, Karachi.
Bellew. H. W. (1879) Afghanistan and the Afghans: Being a Brief Review of the History of the Country and Account of the People with Special Reference to the Present Crises and War with Amir Sher Ali Khan. London.
___________. (1880) The Races of Afghanistan; Being a brief Account of the Principle Nations Inhabiting that Country. Culcutta.
___________. (1891) An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan. London.
Bruce, C.D. (1907) Chinese Turkestan. London.
Burnes, Alexer.(n.d) Travels into Bokhara; Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary, and Persia; Also Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus [ 1833]. London.
Bonvalot, Gabriel. (1889) Through the Heart of Asia; Over the Pamir to India. Vol. l1.London.
Cacopardo, A.M. (1996) The Kalasha of Southern Chitral part 1: the Eastern Area. In Bashir & Israr-ud-Din 1996:247-70.
Cacopardo, A.M & A.S. Cacopardo. (1996). The Kalasha in Southern Chitral part 111 Jinjiret Kuh and the Problem of Kalasha Origins. In Bashir & Israr ud din 1996 299-313.
Cacopardo, A.S. (1996) The Kalasha in Southern Chitral part 11, The Pre-Islami Culture of the Urtsun valley; In Bashir & Israr-ud-Din 1996: 271-98.
Cacopardo, A.M.&A.S. Cacopardo. (2001) Gates of Paristan. Instituto Italiano Perl Africa L Oriente,Rome,IslAO.
Chahryar Adle & Irfan Habib. (2003) The History of Civilizations of Central Asia.Vol.5. Italey.
Cunningham, Alexander. (1854) Ladak, Physical, and Historical; with the Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London.
____________________.(1871) The Ancient Geography of India, Including the Campaign of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang. London.
Curtin, Jeremiah. (1908) The Mongols, A History. Bostan.
Curtis, Willaim. Eleroy. (1911) Turkestan; ”The Heart of Asia”.New York.
Czaplicka, M.A. (1918) The Turks of Central Asia, in history and at the Present Day. London.
Dani, Ahmad Hassan. (1989) History of Northern Areas.N.I.C. Islamabad.
_________________. (1993) New lights of Central Asia. Lahore.
_________________. (1995) Human Records in the Karakuram High Way. Sang-e-Meel, Lahore.
Doughlat, Mirza Muhammad Haider. (1895) Tarikh-i-Rashidi; A History of Moghuls in Central Asia. An English and version, Edited with Commentary, Notes and Maps by N. Elias. Translated by E. Denison Ross, London.
Drew, F. (1875) The Jammu and Kashmir territories; A geographical account. London.
Reprinted, Karachi. 1980.
Durand,A.G. (1899) The Making of Frontiers. London.
Elliot, M.E. (1907) History of India. Edited by A.V. Willaims Jackson. Volume 5. London.
Elphinstone, Mounstuat. (1815) An Account of Kingdom of Cabul. 2 volumes. Reprinted in Indus Publications, Karachi.1992.
Faizi, Inayatullah Dr. Wakhan; The Window into Central Asia. Alqalam Islamabad.
F.B.(Faiz Buksh) (1883) Report on Chatral. Selections from the Records and its Dependencies. Lahore.
Forsyth, T.D. (1869) Trade Routes between Northern India and Central Asia; Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, pp 161-62.
__________. (1875) Report of a Mission to Yarkand in 1873,under Comments of Sir T. D. Forsyth ……..with historical and Geographical information Regarding the possessions of Ameer of Yarkand.Culcutta.
General Staff of India. (1928) Military Report & Gazetteer. Government of India press Simla.
Gharib, Muhammad Shakoor. (n.d). Devan-i-GharibM.S.
Ghufran,Muhammad Mirza.(1893) Muhtasar Tarikh-i-Chitral, MS. Chitral.
______________________. (1901) Towzih-i-Mowliya. MS. Chitral
______________________. (1911) Musada-i-Tarikh-i-Chitral. MS. Chitral.
______________________. (1921) Khudnawisht. MS. Chitral.
______________________. (1921) Tarikh-i-Chitral. India.
Ghulam Murtaza, Mirza & Nasir-ul-Mulk.(1940) Musaved-i-Tarikh-i-Chitral. MS. Chitral.
Ghulam Murtaza, Mirza. (1955) Tarikh-i-Chitral Farsi. MS. Chitral [In Two Volumes].
___________________. (1955) Mahzan-i-Tarikh. MS. Chitral.
___________________. (1957) Musaveda Tarjuma-i- Tarikh-i-Chitral Farsi. Fisrst draft. MS. Chitral.
___________________. (1959) Musaveda Tarjuma Tarikh-i-Chitral Farsi. Second draft. MS .Chitral.
___________________. (1962) Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral.Peshawar Art Press. Peshawar.
Gordon, T.E. (1876) The Roof of the World ; Being the Narrative of a Journey to over the High Plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontiers and the Oxus Sources on Pamir. Edinburgh.
General Staff of India (ed.) (1928) Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral. Second edition. Government of India press. Simla.
Gurdon, B.E.M. (1903) Malitary Report on Chitral. Part 1. Government Central Printing Office, Simla.
_____________.(1903) Gazetteer Part 2. Government Central Printing Office, Simla.
_____________.(1933) Chitral Memories: Event leading up to Siege of Chitral. The Himalayan journal 5.pp 1-27.
_____________. (1934)Chitral Memories; Event Leading up to the Siege of Chitral. The Himalayan Journal 6. pp1-3.
Habibi, Abdul Hay.(1368 A.H)Tarikh-i-Afghanistan bat az Islam. Dinaya-i-Kitab. Tehran, Iran.
Hidayat-ur-Rahman. (2008) Ethnography of Jughore. MS.
________________. (2009) Contribution of Chitral Towards Persian Literature. MS.
________________. (2009a) Nai Tarikh-i-Chitral kaise likhe gaye han. MS.
Harrison, John. (1996) Kalasha Buildings, In Bashir .E & Israr-ud-Din page 345 to 358.
Holzwarth, W. (1996) Chitral History 1540-1660 Comments on Sources and Historiography. In Bashir & Israr- ud -Din 1996-114-134.
_____________. (1997)Islam in Baltistan: Problems of Research on the Formative Period. In Stellrecht 1997a 1-40.
_____________. (1998) Change Pre-Colonial Times: An Evaluation of Sources on the Karakoram and Eastern Hindu Kush Regions (From 1500 to 1800) in CAK volumes.
_____________. (2006) Sources of Gilgit Hunza and Nager History (1500 to 1800) and Comments of Oral Roots of Local Historiography. In Karakurum in Transition .Oxford University Press Karachi.
____________. (2007) Translated Pages from Karl Jettmar Comments on Chitral History from German to English, through email.
Howorth, Henry. H. (1880) History of the Mongols ; From the 9thto the 19th Century. London.
Hunzai, Abdullah Jan. (2000) Hunza ke Qadim Tehwar aur Rusm-u-Riwaj. Sang-e-Meel, Lahore.
Hussain Khan.(1996) The Genesis of the Royal Title ‘Shah Kator’. The Proceedings of Second Hindu Kush International Cultural Conference, in E.Bashir & Israr-ud-Din 1996 135-37.
Imperial Gazetteer of India.( 1908) North-West Frontier Province.Supperintendent of Government Printing, Culcutta.
Ibbetson, Denzil Sir. (1916) Punjab Caste. Lahore.
Jettmar, Karl. (1981) Cultures and Ethnic Groups West of China in Second and
Kabuli, Maulvi Sher Ahmad. (1966) Shah-nameh-e-Chitral Anjuman-i-Chitral.
Karim Baig, Rehmat. (1994) Hindu Kush Study Series volum-l Peshawar.
Keay, J. (1990) Where three Empire Meet. A Narrative of Recent travels in Kashmir, Western Tibet. Indus Publication Karachi.
Kenedy, Pringle. (1911) A History of Great Moghuls or A History of the Badshahate of Dehli ( 1605 to 1739 A.D).Culcutta.
Kirkman, Marhall.Monre.(1913) The Prince, A Romance of the Camp and Court of Alexander the Great, The Love story of Roxana, the Maid of Bactria. Chicago.
Kreutzmann, H. (1998) The Chitral Triangle. Asien Afrika Lateinamerika, 26, pp.289-327.
Lockhart, W.S.A & R.G. Woodthorpe. (1889) The Gilgit Mission,1885-86. London.
Leach, E. R .ed. (1969) Aspect of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and Northern-West Pakistan. Cambridge.
L’Homme, E. (1999) Parlons Khowar.Paris.
Mahve,Tajamul Shah. [1912] Shareh Qasid-e-Amali.Peshawar.
Minorsky, V (1937) Hudud al-‘Alam, The Regions of the World; A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.-982 A.D. Oxford, UP London.
Mohan Lal. (1834) A Brief Description of Herat.Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 3, pp, 9-18.
_________. (1834) Further Information Regarding the Siah Posh Tribe,or Reputed Descendants of the Macedonians. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 3, pp, 76-79.
Montegomerie, T. G. (1872) Report of the Havildar’s journey through Chitral to Faizabad.
Moorcraft, Willaim & George Trebeck. (1841) Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Punjab; In Ladak and Kashmir; In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz and Bokhara ( From 1819 to 1825).In two volumes. London.
Nizam-ul-Mulk & G.W. Leitner Fables, Legends and songs of Chitral. The Imperial Asiatic Quarterly Review 1, 1, pp 145-148.
Nasr-ul-Mulk. (1935) The Ismailies or Maulais of the Hindu Kush.
Parker, E.H. (1897) A Few Chines Observations about Chitral & Hunza etc. The China Review, 22, 6, pp, 787-89.
Parkes, P. (1983) Alliance and Elopement: Economy Social Order and Sexual Antagonism among the Kalasha of Chitral. Unpublished PhD dissertation Oxford.
_______.(1996) A Minority Perspective on the History of Chitral; Katore Rule in Kalasha Traditions. Proceedings of third Hindu Kush Cultural Conference.MS. 335-358.
Peterson, Jan. Heegard. (2006) Local case-marking in Kalasha. PhD thesis Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen.
Qudratullah Beg. (1980) Tarikh-i-Ahd-i-Atiq Riyasat-i-Hunza S.T.Printers. Rawalpindi.
Qurban Muhammad Zada & Muhabat Zada (1983) Tarikh-i-Badakhshan. Moscow.
Rajah Khan. (1845) Account of the Panjkora vally and upper Kashkar, by Major R. Leech, at whose request it was drawn up in 1840. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangal.
Rennell.J (1792) Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan; or the Mogul Empire. The Second Edition, with very considerable additions, and many corrections. London.
Reynolds, James. Rev. (n.d) The Kitab-i-Yamani, Historical memories of the Amir Sabaktagin,and the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, early conqueror of Hindustan, and founder of Ghaznavide dynasty. Translated from the Persian version of the Contemporary Arabic Chronicle of Al Utbi. London.
Robertson, G.S. (1896) The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush. London.
____________. (1898) Chitral, The Story of Minor Siege. London.
Ross, H.A. & E.B Howell (1908) North-West Frontier Province, Imperial Gazetteer of India. Provisional Series. London.
Ross, H.A. (1911) A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Civil and Military Press, Lahore.
Scereto, U. (1984) The Wooden Architecture of Swat and the Northern Areas of
Schomberg, R.C.F. (1938) Kafirs and Glaciers. London
_______________. (1935) Between the Oxus and the Indus. London. Repr. Indus
Sehraye, Ghulam Sarwar. (2010) Unpublished Notes on Chitral History. Chitral
Siyar, Muhammad Mirza. (c 1810) M.S Shah-Nama-i-Siyar. copied by Muhammad Sidiq Khoja in 1844.
Shuja-ul-Mulk. (1911) Chitral. In Mirza Muhammad Ghufran’s Musaved-e-Tarikh-i-Chitral.MS.Chitral
.
Trail, Gail. H. (1996) Tsyam Revisited: A study of Kalasha Origin. In Bashir E & Israr-ud-din 1996 pp 358-76.
Vans Agnew, P.A. (1915) Diaries of Mr P.A Vans Agnew, Assistant to the Agent Governor–General, North West Frontiers, on deputation in Gilgit-June to September 1847.In:Raynor,A (ed.): Political Diaries of Lieutenant Reynell G. Taylor, M.P Sandys Melvill, Pandit Kunahya Lal, Mr P.A. Vans Agnew, Lieutenant J. Nicholson. Mr.L. Bowring and Mr A.H. Cooks 1847-1849.(Selections from the Punjab Government Records (6).Lahore & Allahabad : 275-302.
Vigne, G.T. (1841) Travels in Kashmir, Ladak, Iskardu etc. 2 volume. London H Colburn Reprint: Indus Publications Karachi 1987.
_________.(1843) A Personal Narrative of a Visit Ghuzni, Kabul and Afghanistan ad of a Residence at the Court of Dost Muhammad; With Notices of Ranjit Sing, Khiva and the Russian Expedition.London.
Weber, Siegfried. (2007) Die Persische Verwaltung Kashchmirs. Band 1. OAW.
Wood, J. (1872) A Journey to the Sources of the River Oxus. London.
Zafar, Muzaffar Khan. (n.d) Zafar Nama. MS.
Featured Products
-
فنون لطیفہ اور چترال شھزادہ تنویرالملک تنویر
₨400.00₨375.00 -
Kafirs And Glaciers by R C F Schomberg
₨1,200.00₨1,150.00 -
شہنامہ چترال Shahnama of Chitral
₨1,200.00₨1,150.00 -
Gamburi
₨1,000.00 -
Musaveda Tarikh e Chitrar 1910
₨600.00